The 29th of January 2014 was an important day for the Italian reception system.
6.500 additional SPRAR places have also been approved and can be activated, if deemed necessary, upon the request of the Home Office.
The Italian Reception System
Although obviously fluctuating, it can fairly be said that the number of asylum claims in Italy has been significant over the past years. Contradictorily, the measures adopted by the Italian governments to tackle this influx have been driven by a sense of “permanent emergency” and characterised by improvisation and a lack of planning, as emphasised by UNHCR in this July 2013 paper.
As a result, we have witnessed various reception systems developing in parallel, without any coordination and without rules on their respective competence.
The most important measures put in place by Italy for the reception of asylum seekers have been:
- SPRAR (System of Protection for Asylum Seekers and Refugees): projects run by municipalities in collaboration with NGOs, where asylum seekers (and holders of international protection in the first 6 months following the grant of protection) are hosted in small centres or even flats. Generally speaking, they are characterized by a high level of services and good (even if decreasing) results in terms of integration and interaction with the hosting community.
- CARA (Centres for the Reception of Asylum Seekers): big governmental centres run by NGOs, located in the South of Italy and in big cities. Generally speaking, they are characterized by a low level of services, overcrowding, no relation with the hosting community at all...
The main problem, which has always been at the basis of the Italian weakness in the field of reception, is the lack of places, be them within the SPRAR system or the CARA system. This structural weakness has often pushed the Italian authorities to resort to further temporary, extemporaneous or “emergency” solutions (hotels, former schools, former military barracks, “bed & breakfasts”,...) with a very poor level of services and no coordination with the other existing systems of reception.
In particular, the overall capacity of the SPRAR system – despite it being publicly referred to as a flagship by the Italian authorities – has always been wholly inadequate to respond to the growing presence of asylum seekers in Italy. Suffice it to mention that only three years ago the SPRAR system consisted of only 3.000 places accross the whole of Italy.
In 2012 and 2013 the SPRAR system has constantly grown with ad hoc, temporary expansions, bringing the system's capacity to around 9.500 places at the end of 2013.
But it is only with the Ministerial decree of the 29th of January 2014 – which will be valid for the period 2014-2016 – that the SPRAR system eventually reached a structural capacity of 13.020 places plus 6.500 additional places.
Despite being a very good result, this is far from sufficient to cover all the existing needs, especially if we consider that the turnover rate within the SPRAR structures is not particularly high. This means that the SPRAR will not be the Italian reception system but will only come to constitute a bigger part of the system, as compared to previous years.
Overcrowded, isolated and extemporaneous measures will continue to be resorted to by the Italian authorities to host some asylum seekers. The percentage of the “lucky ones” who will find a place in the enlarged SPRAR system, compared with the “unlucky ones” who will not find a place in a SPRAR project, will largely depend on the influxes of asylum seekers over the next years and on the turnover rate within the SPRAR.
Furthermore, we see the risk that this expansion – although welcome! – could lower the average standards of the services of the SPRAR system, given that many NGOs that will run, in collaboration with the municipalities, the newly-approved projects lack the necessary expertise in this field.
Our interview with Daniela Di Capua - Director of the Servizio Centrale of the SPRAR
How did we get to this point? What are the main risks of this expansion and what has been and will be done in order to prevent them from occurring? What is the future of the Italian reception system?
These are the questions we asked to the Director of the Servizio Centrale of the SPRAR system, Daniela Di Capua. You can find a translation of her answers below.